如今，英语是非常重要的，广泛传播世界各地。每个人都有自己的理由，为什么他们学习英语，例如商务联系，学习，考试，和日常生活。事实上，在英语课堂上，老师只教标准英语。很少有教师说非标准的英语，如禁忌的话在他们的教室里。什么是禁忌词？禁忌词是“被认可或限制在两个机构和个人的水平的假设下，一些伤害会发生，如果一个禁忌词被说。危害的确切性质降临的演讲者，听众，或社会从未完全清楚”（海因斯，2007）。我们使用禁忌语是表达情感的，但人们使用禁忌语与他们的朋友展示深度之间的关系，有很多原因我们使用禁忌语。本文将对禁忌语的理解。读者可以更好的了解禁忌语通过这些问题：我们为什么要知道禁忌词？为什么讲英语的人使用禁忌语？人们多久会说一句禁忌的话，谁说呢？多么重要的禁忌词的L1和L2之间。什么是最常用的禁忌词与他们自己的语言和英语的比较？为什么学生不经常使用禁忌语呢？我们如何使用禁忌词？我们应该什么时候使用禁忌词？为什么老师不把禁忌上的课？他们如何接受禁忌？
Nowadays, theEnglish language is very important and spread widely all around the world. Everybody has their own reason why they study English language, for example business contacts, study, exams, and for daily life. In fact, the teacher teaches only Standard English in the English classroom. There are few teachers that mention non-standard English such as taboo words in their classroom. What are taboo words? Taboo words are"sanctioned or restricted on both institutional and individual levels under the assumption that some harm will occur if a taboo word is spoken. The exact nature of harm to befall the speaker, listener, or society has never been entirely clear" (Heins, 2007). We use taboo wordsto be emotionally expressive, but people use taboo words with their friends to show the depth of their relationship and there are many reasonswhy we use taboo words.This essay will show understanding about taboo words. The readers will have better understandingabout taboo words through these questions: Why do we have to know taboo words? Why do speakers use taboo English? How often do people say taboo words and who says them? How important of taboo word between L1 and L2. What are the most frequently used taboo words compare with their own language and English language?
Why don't students often use taboo words? How do we use taboo words? When should we use taboo words? Why don't teachers put taboo in the lesson? How do they receive taboo?The perspective of taboo words has changed from past to present. Taboo words were unacceptable from ten or fifteen years ago. The BBC has a list of words whichare not allowed to be used on broadcasts but there are increasing use of taboo words in the contemporary media contextas you can see in the present(Arndt, Harrey and Nuttall, 2000).In real life, native speakers don't only the Standard English sometimes they speak slang, taboo words or swear words. When they shout of you with taboo words, do you know what do they want or what dose it mean if you don't know the meaning of taboo word? They might insult you or they might want to hurt or threaten you. The reason that taboo words should be taught parallel with Standard English is because students are aware when they are threatened or are insulted. It's not necessary just for protecting themselves from danger but it is used more and more frequently in everyday speech and is becoming increasingly common in songs - particularly in the lyrics of popular hip-hop music, and in the media. There are many studies which have indicated that taboo words occur frequently in everyday speech, especiallyin arguments (Jay & Janschewitz, 2008).
Reasons for using taboo words depend on the conversational goals of speaker for example feeling (expressing pain, frustration, annoy, anger), adding emphasis to statements whether positive or negative in context.In addition,if you're with a group of close friends, the more relaxed you are, the more you swear (sign of comfortableness).Or the reason of acceptance in some social circle for example, in a group of workmen, they said "If you don't join in, you are thought an outside" (Wright, 1974).There are a lot ofstudies which have showed that those who swearregularly suffer less from stress than those who do not such as if I say 'motherfucker' it makes me feel better that when I say 'darn' (WEB).
There are researches that have indicated that taboo words appear to cause less anxiety when spoken in a foreign language. L1 and L2 are frequently learned in different context. The L1 is learned in the context of family life and thus generally includes emotional extremes and usually also an individual's earliest encounters with the gamut of human emotions (Schrauf, 2000). An L2 is frequently the language of school, work, and professional achievement and thus comes to be associated with emotional control, autonomy, and achievement (Dewaele & Pavlenko, 2002).Taboo words are remembered better than nontaboo words that similar idea with research about recalling taboo words has showed that the arousing properties of taboo words produce vivid memories without elaborative processing, which may be sufficient to override the burden of limited attentional resources. On the other hand, nonarousing words rely on elaborative processing for better memories (recalling taboo and nontaboo words, 2008).People respond to taboo wordsin L1 better that L2. They have strong reaction to emotionallyladen childhood reprimands in the L1 but not the L2 (Harris, 2003).They prefer to use taboo wordsfrequentlyin their own language more thanEnglish languagebecause they have confidence and they know how to use and when to use it in their own language. In the English language, they lack confidence and experience taboo words because taboo words in English can be expressed in many forms not only in negative form.
As mentioned before, international students do not often use taboo in the English language because they are not sure about grammar, situation andlack of confidence. It will not surprise if students do not often use taboo in English language because taboo words can be used in many forms of grammarsuch as noun, verb, adjective or even adverb, for example the word "fuck". It can be explained in grammar as following table.
The Grammar Of 'Fuck'
Anintransitive verb.
Jeffry fucks.
Atransitive verb.
Jeffry fucked Mary.
An adjective.
It's so fucking cold.
As part of an adverb.
Jeffry eats too fucking much.
As an adverb intensifying an adjective.
Jeffry is fucking handsome.
As a noun.
Jeffry doesn't give a fuck.
As aninfix (part of a word).
That's abso-fucking-lutely wonderful!
Adapted From: (Hoster, 2005)
Other way to be express taboo words in many functions and many feeling
The Functions Of 'Fuck'
Greetings
How the fuck are you?
Difficulty
I don't understand the fucking question.
Fraud
I got fucked by the car dealer.
Despair
Fucked again.
Dismay
Oh, fuck it!
Incompetence
He fucks up everything.
Trouble
Well, I guess I'm fucked now.
Displeasure
What the fuck is going on here?
Aggression
Fuck you!
Lost
Where the fuck are we?
Disgust
Fuck me.
Disbelief
Unfucking believable.
Confusion
What the fuck?
Retaliation
Up your fucking ass.
Adapted From: (Hoster, 2005)
The Grammar Of Taboo English Use
1. As separate utterances (expletives and abusives):
Shit! Jesus Christ! You Bastard!
2. As 'adsentences' (loosely tied to a sentence, before or after):
Shit! I forgot all about that.
You have to tell me, for God's sake!
3. As major constituents of a sentence (Subject, verb, adverb etc.):
That stupid bastard came to see me.
He fucks up everything.
He managed - God damn it - to get his degree.
4. As part of a constituent of a sentence (adjective, adverb:)
This fucking train is always late!
He's got a bloody big mouth.
5. As part of a word (compound or derivational, as prefix, suffix or infix):
That's abso-bloody-lutely wonderful news.
That's a fan-fucking-tastic job.
Adapted From: (Hoster, 2005)
Teachers didn't teach taboo words in the English classroom because they think that it's not necessary. In fact, it depends on student needs, for instance people who want to study business. They don't need to study any taboo words because when they do business, they use just terminology words to talk with partner or boss. On the other hand, if they hang out with friends in the evening after work they might have to speak or understand taboo in communication. In additional, hip-hop groups always use taboo words in their music or even in their communications in daily life. So if students want to join in a peer group or they just want to know the meaning of hip-hop song. They need to understand the meaning of those taboo words and know how to use it as well. So teacher cannot decide that they need to teach or they don't need to teach, but it depends on students needs. People think that taboo words should not be allowed to be taught in the English classroom because it's rude and inappropriate especially teacher and older. Taboo words are used in many form not only used to insult or abuse. In some situations, we use taboo words in adverbs to clarify the picture. For example,Jeffry eats too fucking much. It means that he eats a lot more than human being eat. In the present, taboo words are used more openly, publicly and with more confidence than ever before(Hoster, 2005). Another case, teachers do not often teach taboo words in the English classroom because teachers are not familiar to taboo words for the reason that they aren't native speakers. There are few natives that teach in Asia,for example in Thailand. Most teachers are Thai people they have few knowledge about taboo words in the English language because they never learn it and they never use it in daily life. If students are interested in this topic, Thai teachers cannot explain to them. If students want to study with natives, they have to pay extra money just for few hours of teaching which is quite expensive. So they don't have a chance to learn daily unless Standard English.
"We learn about taboos through the socialization of speech practices, which creates an oral or folk knowledge of swearing etiquette. Reports that swear words occur frequently in everyday speech are consistent with the argument that native speakers of any culture learn when and with whom it is appropriate to use taboo words" (elaborated in Jay & Janschewitz, 2008). Everybody has heard taboo or uses taboo words outside the classroom. In reality, there are many ways that we receive taboo words outside the classroom such as friends, movies, television and music. As I mentioned before, television is allowedusing taboo words morefrequently than the past because it might be the best way to communicate. According to Hoster (2005) 75% percent of the respondents in the British study thought Taboo English was a fact of life and acceptable in certain situations.In the present music has became a connection between people although they are different nationality, religion or language. Teenagers exchange their culture or language through music. So they can receive taboo words through music and friends who like the same kind of music, especially Hip-hop music. Hip-hop music uses slang and taboo words in the music to make their music is outstanding or to be different. So music is an important way that everyone can receive taboo words.
This essay has discussed the taboo words in English classroom which include many topics. For example, the importance of taboo words, the ways people receive taboo words and the reason the teachers don't teach taboo words in classroom. There are few teachers teach taboo words in the English classroom. Although it isn't necessary, it is used in every day life. People who travel on the bus or walk on the street each day, is in agreement that Taboo English was being heard more frequently in the public arena. Moreover, these teachers were in agreement that the younger generation was using taboo language more frequently in public.à¸-ำไมครูà¸-ึงไม่สà¸à¸™à¹€à¸žà¸£à¸²à¸°à¸„รูไม่ใช่เจ้าขà¸à¸‡à¸ าษา,tabooผ่านเพลง, ค่าเรียนà¹à¸žà¸‡à¹„ม่สำคัà¸
A project commissioned by the British Broadcasting Standards Commission in 1999 investigating audience attitudes towards taboo words, found that just over half (54%) of the respondents thought that there was too much swearing and offensive language on television
However, other participants, notably those who travelled on the bus each day, were in agreement that Taboo English was being heard more frequently in the public arena.
"I am becoming more aware of younger people swearing more openly, publicly and with more confidence than ever before."
"When I travel by bus, I hear most of these words quite frequently. Especially in the mornings from high school students."
"If the pedestrians are passing groups of school children they will hear a lot of swearing."